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CPED  
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CPED/ICPPED, UN GA RES 47/133 2006)

  1. Each State Party shall take the necessary measures to hold criminally responsible at least:
    (a) Any person who commits, orders, solicits or induces the commission of, attempts to commit, is an accomplice to or participates in an enforced disappearance;
    (b) A superior who:
    (i) Knew, or consciously disregarded information which clearly indicated, that subordinates under his or her effective authority and control were committing or about to commit a crime of enforced disappearance;
    (ii) Exercised effective responsibility for and control over activities which were concerned with the crime of enforced disappearance; and
    (iii) Failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures within his or her power to prevent or repress the commission of an enforced disappearance or to submit the matter to the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution;
    (c) Subparagraph (b) above is without prejudice to the higher standards of responsibility applicable under relevant international law to a military commander or to a person effectively acting as a military commander.
  2. No order or instruction from any public authority, civilian, military or other, may be invoked to justify an offence of enforced disappearance.
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